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从乔姆斯基语法看英汉主语差异


全文字数:5000字左右  原创时间:<=2022年

【内容摘要】

从乔姆斯基语法看英汉主语差异

A CONTRASTIVE STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH SUBJECT AND CHINESE SUBJECT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHOMSKY GRAMMAR

ABSTRACT

The topic of the contrast between English subject and Chinese subject is a hot topic in the field of linguistics. The significance of this topic is that by studying the similarities and differences between English subject and Chinese subject, both English learners and Chinese learners will have a deep understanding on these two languages. This thesis is to explore the characteristics of English and Chinese subject from the perspective of Chomsky grammar. The main theories will be used in this thesis are extended projection principle, case theory and theta-theory.
English pays more attention to the subject-predicate structure, and subject must occur in most English sentences. If a sentence has no subject, people must add a subject which can be expletive “it” or “there” to complete the sentence. Otherwise, it is a false sentence. However, subject is not a must in Chinese sentence, and the relation between subject and predicate is more intricate than that in English sentences, because there are many different types of predicates in Chinese. Another difference is that Chinese verbs have no inflective forms, which is totally different from English verbs. Besides, there are case changes in English, such as accusative case, nominative case and so on. While Chinese has no case changes. In English, subjects are closely related to verbs. The form of the verb depends on the subject. For example, if the subject is the third person singular, the form of the verb will be singular. While in Chinese, the subject has no influence on the form of the verb. This is the so-called concord. And many other interesting linguistic phenomena will be introduced in the thesis.

Key Words: English subject, Chinese subject, subject-predicate structure

 

摘  要

英汉主语对比研究在语言学领域是一个热门话题。这个研究的意义在于通过学习英语主语和汉语主语的异同点,英语语言学习者和汉语语言学习者都会对这两门语言有更深刻的了解。这篇论文将从乔姆斯基语法角度探究英汉主语对比。这篇论文主要会用到的理论包括扩充的投射原则,格理论和题元理论。
英语更加注重主谓结构,而且在英语句子必须有主语。如果一个句子没有语义上的主语,那人们必须加一个主语,这个主语可以是形式主语“it”或者“there”去把句子补充完整,否则这个句子就是一个错误的句子。然而,在汉语中却不是这样的,并不是每一个句子都必须有主语,主语和谓语的关系也比在英语句子里复杂的多,因为在汉语里有很多不同种类的谓语。另外一个不同是汉语里的动词没有曲折变化,这一点和英语完全不同。另外,英语里有格的变化,比如宾格,主格等等。然而汉语没有格的变化。在英语里,主语和动词是紧密相关的。动词的形式取决于主语。比如说,如果主语是第三人称单数,那么动词的形式就会采用单数。在汉语里,主语不会对动词的形式造成影响。这就是一致关系。在这篇论文里,类似的很多有趣的语言现象会被提到。

关键词:英语主语;汉语主语;主谓结构

 

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