运用会话含义理论分析英语专业四级听力测试及对英语听力教学的启示
格赖斯的会话含义理论是语用学的重要内容之一，该理论主要研究传递言外之意的现象。在交际中，人们出于不同的交际目的，常常会使用带有会话含义的句子。要想听懂对方的话语，听话人除了要听懂话语中的单词、句子所要表达的字面意义之外，更要学会推理说话人的弦外之音或深层含义，只有这样才能真正听懂说话人所要表达的意图。因此，为了提高学生分析话语深层含义的能力，在听力教学中引入一些语用学知识是必不可少的。
本文通过分析近几年英语专业四级听力试题,总结出英语专业四级听力测试对话部分的命题特点并强调会话含义理论的重要性, 并以会话含义理论，尤其是格赖斯的合作原则和利奇的礼貌原则为指导从英语专业四级听力测试中选取一些案例分类进行分析。
通过研究可以看出，将会话含义理论应用于大学英语听力教学，有助于提高学生的听力理解能力。作为教英语的教师，应将会话含义理论应用于听力课堂教学，帮助学生剖析会话含义在具体语境中产生的原因，即有时人们为什么要故意违反合作原则的原因。通过基于会话含义理论指导下的听力教学，使学生提高在听力理解中推导会话含义的能力。从而帮助学生从新的角度认识听力理解，运用新方法提高听力理解能力。
关键词: 会话含义；合作原则；听力理解；听力教学
Abstract
Grice’s conversational implicature theory is an important content of pragmatics which is mainly studying the phenomenon of conveying illocutionary meaning. In the communication, people often use sentences with conversational implicature out of different communicative purposes. In order to understand each other’s words, the listener have to understand the literal meaning of the words and sentences, and to learn to infer the speaker’s implication or deep meaning. Only in this way can we truly understand the speaker’s intentions. Therefore, in order to improve students’ ability of analyzing deep meaning of discourse, introducing some pragmatic knowledge in listening teaching is indispensable.
In this dissertation，TEM-4 listening tests of recent years have been chosen to be analyzed. The characteristics of conversations of TEM-4 listening tests are summarized and the importance of conversational implicature is emphasized. And some cases are selected and classified from the listening tests of TEM-4 in this dissertation. The cases of the conversations in listening tests are analyzed under the guidance of conversational implicature theory, including Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s Politeness Principle.
Through the research we can see that to introduce the conversational implicature theory to college English listening teaching has an effect on improving students’ listening ability. As English teachers, they should apply the conversational implicature theory to listening course to help students analyze why conversational implicature is produced in the specific context, i.e. why people sometimes deliberately violate the cooperative principle. Listening teaching under the guidance of conversational implicature helps improve students’ ability in inferring implied meaning in listening comprehension. And it will help learners to view listening comprehension from a new aspect and find a new way to improve their listening ability.
Key Words：Conversational Implicature; Cooperative Principle; Listening comprehension; Listening teaching
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