基于测绘科学技术在隧道贯通测量的应用

为了满足国民经济建设和国防建设发展的需要，实现超长隧道的准确贯通与国民的人身安全和交通出行有着密不可分的联系，对于长大或超长隧道而言，由于隧道开挖面到自然地面的垂直距离越来越大，无疑会消耗大量的人力，且成本较高，再加上其他工程施工等环境干扰，这就给施工人员按规定的精度进行隧道贯通工作带来极大地风险和挑战。陀螺全站仪作为一种敏感地球自转效应准确定位真北方向的惯性仪器，普遍运用于各类型隧道的贯通测量、地下和矿区的定向测量等。由于隧道贯通测量地质条件负责，受各种因素的干扰，在一定程度上影响了贯通测量精度，增加了贯通测量的风险。
因此，本文旨在对隧道贯通测量主要工作内容展开介绍，就控制测量方面进行重点介绍；以高精度陀螺仪、陀螺经纬仪及陀螺全站仪的定向原理、定向方法为切入点，主要针对陀螺经纬仪和陀螺全站仪在隧道贯通测量领域中的实际应用情况进行实例分析，表明现代测绘技术对隧道贯通应用的优势与影响，由此给出通过加测陀螺方位角来提高导线精度和可靠性，并论证陀螺边的最佳位置及数量确定；对贯通误差的测定方法和误差调整措施进行具体介绍，针对测定方法就适用范围及优缺点进行比较，并给出相应的应用实例来论证测定和调整方法的适用范围及运用情况，从而确保隧道贯通中测量的质量和施工的进度。
关键词：隧道贯通测量；控制测量；陀螺全站仪；陀螺定向；贯通误差
Abstract

In order to meet the needs of the development of national economic construction and national defense construction, implementation of super-long tunnel accurately through with national safety of the intimate contact, transportation for grew up or super long tunnel, due to tunnel excavation face to natural ground vertical distance is more and more big, will no doubt consume large amounts of manpower, and the cost is higher, In addition to the environmental interference of other engineering construction, it brings great risks and challenges to the construction personnel to carry out tunnel penetration work according to the prescribed accuracy. Due to the geological conditions of tunnel through-through survey, it is interfered by various factors, which affects the accuracy of through-through survey to some extent and increases the risk of through-through survey.
Therefore, this paper aims to introduce the main work content of tunnel penetration survey, and focus on the control survey. With high precision gyroscope, directional principle of gyro theodolite and gyro total station, directional method as the breakthrough point, mainly for gyro theodolite and gyro total station in tunnel through practical application in the field of measurement is analyzed, indicates that modern surveying and mapping technology advantages and effects on the application of the tunnel transfixion, forward through a wire and measuring gyroscope azimuth Angle to improve accuracy and reliability, The optimum position and quantity of gyro edge are proved. In this paper, the measurement method and error adjustment measures of through-through error are introduced in detail, the application scope and advantages and disadvantages of the measurement method are compared, and the corresponding application examples are given to demonstrate the application scope and application situation of the measurement and adjustment method, so as to ensure the quality of the measurement and construction progress in the through-through of tunnel.
Key Words：Tunnel penetration measurement; Control measurement; Gyro total station; Gyro orientation; Breakthrough erro

目  录

1.绪论 1
1.1 研究背景及意义 1
1.2 国内外研究现状 1
1.3 研究方法和研究内容 2
1.3.1 研究方法 2
1.3.2 研究内容 3
1.4 研究目标 3
2.隧道贯通测量的工作原理 4
2.1 隧道洞外控制测量 4
2.1.1 洞外平面控制测量—GPS控制测量 5
2.2 隧道洞内控制测量 6
2.2.1 洞内平面控制测量 6
2.2.2 洞内高程控制测量 7
3.高精度陀螺仪在隧道贯通测量中的应用 8
3.1 国内外高精度陀螺仪的现状与特点 8
3.2 陀螺经纬仪在隧道贯通测量的应用 9
3.2.1 陀螺经纬仪定向原理 9
3.2.2 陀螺经纬仪定向方法 10
3.2.3 陀螺经纬仪应用实例分析 11
3.3 陀螺全站仪在隧道贯通测量的应用 12
3.3.1 磁悬浮陀螺全站仪定向原理 12
3.3.2 陀螺全站仪应用实例分析 13
3.4 陀螺边最佳位置及数量分析 15
4.隧道贯通误差的测定与调整 17
4.1 隧道贯通误差的测定及相应实例 17
4.1.1 贯通误差的测定方法 17
4.1.2 误差测定—工程实例应用 18
4.2 隧道贯通误差的调整及具体实例 19
4.2.1 贯通误差的调整方法 19
4.2.2 贯通误差调整的注意事项 21
4.2.3 误差调整—工程实例应用 21
5 总结与展望 23
参考文献 24

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