从苔丝悲剧看哈代宿命论

从苔丝悲剧看哈代宿命论
摘  要
论文主要研究哈代宿命论思想在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现。《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯•哈代最著名的一部作品，集中体现了哈代的宿命论思想。苔丝具有哈代时代优秀女性的性格特点: 美丽，高贵，优雅，纯洁，忍耐，却屡遭挫折，身心疲惫。文章从苔丝人生悲惨遭遇的原因入手，着重分析了偶然性和必然性对苔丝人生的影响。哈代生活在宿命论盛行的时代，他一方面继承了古希腊悲剧思想，另一方面又通过结合其当时的生活环境和哲学思想深化其悲剧内涵，从而形成自己独特的宿命论思想。对人生的失望及对当时社会的绝望是哈代宿命论的中心。作者从苔丝身上看到了哈代宿命论思想，阐明了哈代把苔丝悲剧归咎于不可避免的悲剧宿命论思想，苔丝的悲剧不仅是当时社会道德暴力所致，也是她的性格缺陷所致，更是哈代的刻意安排，其宿命论思想通过苔丝悲剧得到了充分的阐释。

关键词：托马斯•哈代，苔丝悲剧，偶然性，必然性，宿命论
Hardy’s Fatalisms Reflected in Tess’ Tragic Life
 
ABSTRACT
The paper focuses on studying Hardy’s fatalisms reflected in Tess’ tragic life. Tess of D’Ubervillers is Hardy’s most famous work as well as the representative work of Hardy’s fatalism thought. Tess has the perfect characteristics that fairy ladies have at Hardy’s time: beauty, nobility, grace, purity, patience, but she repeatedly suffers the setback which make her exhausted. Based on the reasons of Tess’ bitter experiences, the paper emphatically analyzes influences of the happenstance and the inevitability to Tess’ life. Hardy lives in the time which is vogue in fatalism, on one hand, he has inherited the tragedy thought of ancient Greece; on the other hand, through unifying with the living situation and the philosophic thought at that time, his tragedy connotation has been deepened and his own unique fatalism thought has formed. The disappointment to the life and the desperation to the society at that time are the centre idea of Hardy’s fatalism. The author sees Hardy’s fatalism from Tess, expounding Hardy’s thought of fatalism with putting all the blame of Tess’ tragedy on the destiny, and exposes the unfairness of this society by description of Tess’ tragedy. Tess’ tragedy not only results from her own imperfect characteristics and cruelty of moral violence at that time, but also Hardy’s deliberate narrative writing techniques, and his fatalisms are interpreted perfectly in Tess’ tragedy.

Key words: Thomas Hardy, Tess’ tragedy, happenstance, inevitability, fatalism

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