跨文化交际过程中语用失误问题研究

摘  要

“跨文化交际语用失误”指的是说话人在交际中使用了符号关系正确的句子，但说话不合时宜，违背了目的语的语言规则或文化规约，从而使交际遇到障碍或失败。语用失误分为语言语用失误和社交语用失误两类。前者主要涉及一种语言特有的并且约定俗成的用法，而社交语用失误却要复杂的多，因为除了一定的语言规则上的失误外，它还涉及交流者在文化规约上的失误。同时，社交语用失误也包括了非语言的失误。一些人类学家和社会学家认为，文化即是交际。跨文化交际的失误很大程度上是文化的失误。如对会话含义，思维方式和价值观的理解失误以及母语负迁移和心理影响等都会导致跨文化交际失误的产生。结合英汉文化的对比，文章对语言语用失误和社交语用失误进行了较全面的分析，以期更好的了解此问题。并且提出了几种避免或者减少跨文化交际中语用失败的策略。

关键词：跨文化交际语用失误；语用语言失误；社交语用失误；非语言失误；语用能力
Cross-cultural Communication: Pragmatic Failures and Solutions
 
ABSTRACT

Cross-cultural pragmatic failures refer to the failures caused by the misunderstanding of verbal or non-verbal messages or improper expressions in cross-cultural communication, owing to the failures in observing the language regulations or the cultural norms. There are two types of pragmatic failures: pragma-linguistic failures and socio-pragmatic failures. Pragma-linguistic failure concerns with the language-specific usage or highly conventionalized usage. Socio-pragmatic failure is far more delicate a matter, since it involves the speakers’ system of cultural norms apart from the language regulations. Besides, attention should be paid to not only verbal failures in cross-cultural communications but also non-verbal ones. According to some sociologists and anthropologists, culture is communication. And misunderstandings of linguistic connotations, modes of thinking, values and L1 negative transfer and psychological obstacles account for cross-cultural pragmatic failures except for deficiency in knowledge of languages. And with the incorporation of comparison between Chinese and English cultures, much emphasis has been laid on the analyses of these two kinds of pragmatic failures so as to help communicators or English learners understand the problems. Finally, this paper offers some strategies such as cultivating cultural competence, improving school teaching etc. to help communicators tackle or lessen pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communications.

Keywords: cross-cultural pragmatic failures; pragma-linguistic failures; socio-pragmatic failures; non-verbal failures; pragmatic competence

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