论斯坦贝克短篇小说《菊花》中的象征意义

约翰•斯坦贝克是美国著名小说家、新闻记者和社会批评家，是美国20世纪30年代的重要小说家之一。他常与福克纳，海明威并称现代美国文坛的三大杰出小说家。
《菊花》是选自他1938 年出版的短篇小说集《长峡谷》，被誉为“世界上最伟大的短篇小说之一”，是他“在艺术上最成功的小说”。 全文在多处运用了象征手法，以冬雾、大锅、阳光、微风、喜雨等为自然景物象征，以栅栏、水手、花圃人工环境象征，以菊花、手套、头发为特殊的意象符号，使得读者更深刻地体会到文中蕴藏的内涵。
本文将利用文体学分析的方法，从小说中的象征意义出发，通过作者对自然环境生动形象的描写，以自然界的植物、动物以及气候、季节为意象，象征性地表现了女主人公狭隘、压抑、束缚的生活，同时反映了美国当时普通妇女的生活现状及情感，研究小说中的多重内涵。还会将小说与斯坦贝克别的小说进行比较，比如《白鹌鹑》和《紧身中》。通过他小说中女性形象的塑造，我们可以了解他的女性观。本文主要通过自然景物象征，人工环境象征，特殊的意象符号，三个方面对《菊花》这篇小说进行分析，研讨作者在故事的情景描写、人物塑造等方面使用的象征手法及其丰富的内含意义对故事主题的表现。通过这篇小说，我们可以看到约翰•斯坦贝克对女性的态度，对社会的看法。

关键词：约翰•斯坦贝克；《菊花》；象征意义；斯坦贝克的女性观
On the Symbolism in Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums”

Abstract: John Steinbeck is a famous American novelist, journalist and social critics and he is one of the important novelists in the 1930s. Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and he are called three outstanding novelists of the modern American literary.
The Chrysanthemums is selected from the Long Valley he published in 1938. It is the most successful in the art of fiction and one of the world's best short stories. Symbolism is used in the full novel. “Gray-flannel fog”, “Closed pot”, “Sunshine”, “Light wind” and “Good rain” are natural features symbols. “Wire Fence”, “Sailor” and “Flower Garden” are artificial environment symbols. “Chrysanthemum”, “Gloves” and “Hair” are special symbols of the image. Then readers will have a better understanding of the paper.
This paper will take use of stylistics knowledge to analyze the multiple connotations of the novel by the analysis of symbols depicted in it. Besides, in this paper, the novel will be compared with other novels of Steinbeck to discuss female symbols between them. By the description of the natural environment, the Chrysanthemum present Elisa’s depressed and unhappy life and reflect American women’s living condition and their emotions. From the creation of the characters of the tragic women in his novels, we can know Steinbeck’s attitude to women. This paper try to study the novel from three angles that are natural features symbols, artificial environment symbols and special symbols of the image to analyze this novel and research the symbolism Steinbeck used and the theme in the novel. Through this novel, we can notice the symbols Steinbeck used in this novel and his thoughts, including the attitude to female and the view of society.

Keywords: John Steinbeck; the Chrysanthemums; symbolism; Steinbeck’s view of female

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