跨性别交际中的语用失误现象及其对策

语言是社会和文化的载体，记录并反映了社会的变迁与进步。而语言中的性别差异几乎随着语言的产生就已经开始存在了。语言中的性别差异对跨性别交际有着十分重要的影响。然而，在人类社会的初期，人们并未给予跨性别交际足够的重视与研究，妇女在这一时期均未受到公正的对待，尤其是在地位和权力方面。这一歧视待遇直到上世纪60年代，才有了根本性的扭转，人们开始意识到跨性别交际的重要性和紧迫性。这完全归因于一场声势浩大的“女权主义运动”，女性前所未有的开始融入到社会各个方面中，包括经济、政治、社会、文化等等。也正是由于这个原因，男性必须开始重视与女性的交际，给予女性更多的重视。因而跨性别交际的研究也逐渐成为了一门热门的学科，越来越多地受到学者和专家的重视。
  由于他们的不懈研究，人们逐渐认识到，言语中的性别差异主要源于生理、社会、权势、心里等诸多方面的原因。伴随着这些原因，男女的言语差异体现出了众多的不同之处，如语音语调、词汇选择、交际目的和方式等等。正是由于种种不同之处的存在，跨性别交际才会产生如此之多的失误。
  由于现实的跨性别失误时有发生，并深深影响着人们之间的关系，如何处理并解决跨性别交际失误因此也有着十分现实的意义。众多学者也相应地题注了十分具体细微的方法，如“注意男女对沉默的不同理解”、“避免采取一刀切的策略”、“意识到男女交际的不同目的”等等。
  由于跨性别交际的重要性与日俱增，人们必须更积极主动地去了解有关跨性别交际的知识，并以此来成功地进行跨性别交际，避免出现失误。

关键词：言语性别差异；跨性别；语用失误；原因；对策
Pragmatic Failures in Cross-gender Communication and Their Solutions

Abstract: Language is the carrier of society and culture, with the functions of recording the social activities of people and reflecting the social transformation and improvement. Gender differences in language have come into being since language was created. The gender differences have been imposing an great impact on cross-gender communication. However, centuries ago, cross-gender communication was still a field receiving little attention. During the past times after the matriarchal clan society, female had a "dark" history who had been treated as interior to male, with fewer rights and more obligations. It was not until 1960s that people began to understand the importance and urgency of learning cross-gender language. Attributed to the vigorous movement, which was known as Feminism, women were empowered more rights and freedom than ever. This movement had imposed a great impact on the society, particularly the status of women. Unprecedentedly had women involved themselves into the economy, politics and social activity. As a result, men had to pay a large part of their attention to women and their language. With the intensive study of cross-gender communication and gender differences, people began to understand that the gender differences in language were rooted in various aspects, which can be concluded as biological factor, social factor, power factor, world view factor and so on. Apart from the reasons for gender differences, there were lots of discrepancies between the male and the female. In detail, the discrepancies include pronunciation and intonation, word choices, compliment and apology, purposes and styles (means) of the conversation, interruption of conversation, etc. Due to so many discrepancies between the male and the female, it is not difficult to see that there are plenty of pragmatic failures during cross-gender communication.
  Based on the studies and actual investigations, solutions to pragmatic failures during cross-gender communication have gradually surfaced. Some detailed suggestions have been mentioned, such as "be aware of different subject preferences of the male and the female", "be aware of the interruption”,” be aware of the different styles adopted by the male and the female", "avoid adopting the “sweeping” approach", and so on.
  Since the importance of cross-gender communication is enhanced, people need to learn more about cross-gender communication on their own initiative to effect successful cross-gender communication, and then to attain the goal of conversation.

Key words: gender differences; cross-gender; pragmatic failures; reasons; solutions

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