黑龙江省农业保险问题研究

我国是一个农业大国，农业人口占70%，是世界上自然灾害损失最严重的国家之一，每年因自然灾害造成直接经济损失巨大，占GDP的比重平均超过3％。自然灾害所造成的直接经济损失中农业最为严重，并且损失范围和程度呈现加速扩大的趋势。受自然力控制，农业风险的不确定性很高，人力可预测的准确性和控制能力也很低，防范和分散农业风险就显得尤为重要。黑龙江省是国家重要的商品粮基地和粮食战略后备基地。1991年，黑龙江省农垦总局按财政部、农业部要求，试办了冰雹和龙卷风风险互助业务。开办了种植业、养殖业、田间作业机械等领域的风险互助业务，种植业风险互助承担了旱、涝、洪、风、雹、冻、病、虫等多种保险责任，每年互助面积2500-2600万亩，占全部播种面积的85-90%。2003年，又创建了农业互助保险制度试点，建立了保护粮食生产安全为重点，适应现代农业的农业保险模式。2005年1 月阳光农业相互保险公司（以下简称阳光公司）正式成立，从而在黑龙江形成了适应现代农业的风险管理模式和网络体系。
论文通过对黑龙江省农业保险的发展及风险状况，深入分析了黑龙江省农
业保险事业的发展历程，并对黑龙江农业保险公司内外部因素进行了全面系统地研究分析，以实践为基础，通过对农业保险公司基本情况、存在问题的分析研究，指出了存在问题的原因所在。最后，针对存在问题原因，结合企业实际，提出了“建立健全农业保险经营管理机制、完善财政资金补贴政策、完善农业保险税收优惠政策、加大农业保险基础建设投资、对农业保险进行信贷支持，建立农业保险巨灾风险基金”机制。并指出“如果政府在法律、政策和资金上给予应有的支持，使临时救灾的政府行为变成了保险补偿的经济契约行为，淡化了农户长期养成的受灾后等政付给补贴、给救济的观念，增强了农户在市场经济中自我防范和分散自然风险的意识，充分发挥了农业保险这个经济杠杆在农村经济社会发展过程中的稳定器和助推器的双重作用”。

关键词：农业保险；互助保险；保险模式；自然风险
ABSTRACT
    China is a large agricultural country, agriculture accounts for 70% of the population, always affected by serious natural disasters, natural disasters caused direct economic each year, proportion of GDP accounted for an average of more than 3%. The direct economic losses caused by natural disasters in agriculture is the most serious, at the same time, the scope and extent of loss has accelerated the trend of expansion. Controlled by the forces of nature, agriculture risk has a High uncertainty, human are difficult to control or forecast risks, so prevention and spread the risks is particularly important. Heilongjiang reclamation area is an important grain base and Strategic grain reserve base. In 1991, Nongken Office of Heilongjiang Province  according to the requirements of Ministry of Finance People's Republic of China , People's Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture, carried out the business to prevent Crops of hail and tornadoes. started the business to prevent farming, aquaculture, agricultural machinery  and other areas out of the risk，assume the drought, floods, hurricanes, hail, frost, disease, insects and other insurance liabilities, protected the area of 25000000-26000000 mu per year, by 85-90% of the total area. In 2003, Heilongjiang reclamation area created a system of mutual insurance and established to protect the food production as the focus, suit the model of agricultural insurance for modern agriculture. Sunshine agricultural mutual insurance company is Founded in January 2005(hereinafter referred to as SAMIC), met the needs of modern agriculture and risk management models and network in Heilongjiang reclamation area.
After study of the reclamation area of Heilongjiang Province and the development of agricultural insurance risk, papers-depth analysis the development of the history of agricultural insurance. Finally, according to the actual situation, carried out the system of "establish and improve mechanisms for the operation and management of agricultural insurance, improve the policies about financial subsidies and tax incentives, increase the support to Infrastructure and Loans of agricultural insurance, Set up the catastrophe risk fund of agricultural insurance.” And pointed out that "If the government could give the support to the agricultural insurance in the legal, policy and funding, change the conduct of the Government into the conduct of the insurance compensation, farmers could be enhanced in a market economy and to prevent spread of self-awareness of natural risks, could give full play to the agricultural insurance in the rural areas of the economic levers of economic and social development in the process of stability and the role of boosters.

Key word: Agriculture Insurance; Mutual risk; Insurance model; Natural risk

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