论《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧形成的原因

托马斯.哈代（1840-1928），十九世纪英国现实主义代表作家之一。在他的一生中创作了很多小说，出版于1891年的《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代最主要的作品。小说讲述了一个聪明而漂亮的乡村少女的悲剧故事，一个简单而单纯的少女慢慢地摧毁成一个犯罪的少妇。
文章旨在讨论苔丝悲剧形成的原因，共分为五个章节。第一章简要介绍《德伯家的苔丝》这一小说极其作者托马斯·哈代。第二章通过对小说中社会环境和资本主义背景的描写，分析出悲剧形成的社会因素。第三章再从苔丝的性格弱点着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运的个人主观因素。第四章从苔丝生命中所经历的男人和她的家世背景的角度，探索出悲剧形成的人类因素。最后一章我们得出结论，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。
关键词：悲剧，客观因素，主观因素，人类因素

An Analysis of Tragedy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles
Abstract
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of 19th century. During his whole life, Hardy wrote a lot of novels. Published in 1891, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of Hardy’s the most important novels, it tells us the tragic life story of an intelligent and sensitive country girl, she turns from a simple and native girl to a woman who commits its supposedly criminal or immoral actions.
This thesis, structured in five chapters, is designed to discuss the reasons of Tess’ tragedy. The first chapter briefly introduces the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles and its author Thomas Hardy. The second chapter tries to analyze the objective factors of Tess’ tragedy via the description of the capitalistic system and the social factors. The third chapter discusses Tess’ weak character, thus find the subjective factors of her tragedy. The fourth chapter analyzes the human factors of her tragedy from the aspect of the two men in Tess’ life and her family background. The last chapter finally comes to a conclusion that Tess’s tragic life is caused by the society of that time, Tess’ own weak characters and other human factors. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.
Key Words: tragedy, objective factors, subjective factors, human factors

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