立式铣削加工中心主轴系统的结构设计

摘要

加工中心由于备有刀库并能自动更换刀具，使得工件在一次装夹中可以完成多工序的加工。加工中心一般不需要人为干预，当机床开始执行程序后，它将一直运行到程序结束。加工中心还赋予了专业化车间一些诸多优点，如：降低机床的故障率，提高生产效率，提高加工精度，削减废料量，缩短检验时间，降低刀具成本，改善库存量等。由于加工中心的众多优势，所以它深受全球制造企业的青睐。
加工中心主要由主轴组件、回转工作台、移动工作台、刀库及自动换刀装置以及其它机械功能部件组成。其中的主轴组件是机床重要的组成部分，其运动性能直接影响机床加工精度与表面粗糙度。本文在查阅大量国内外文献的基础上，通过研究分析不同加工中心主轴组件的性能，综合地比较了其特点，并拟定了一个较为合理的主轴组件结构方案。同时，还就主轴、轴承以及丝杠等重要零件的机械性能进行了探讨，并对这些零件的刚度和强度进行了校核。此外，本设计中所采用的陶瓷轴承能有效地增加主轴的刚度，从而提高了加工中心的可靠性和稳定性。

关键词  主轴组件；加工中心；数控机床
ABSTRACT

Machining center evolved from the need to be able to perform a variety of operations and machining sequences on a workpiece on a single machine in one setup. Machining center requires little operator intervention, and once the machine has been set up, it will machine without stopping until the end of the program is reached. Some of the other advantages that machining centers give a manufacturing shop are greater machine uptime, increased productivity, maximum part accuracy, reduced scrap, less inspection time, lower tooling costs, less inventory and so on. Because of their many advantages, machining centers become widely accepted by manufacturing enterprises in the world.
Machining centers are equipped with spindle units, rotary workbench, moving workbench, tool magazines and automatic tool changers, and other mechanical function components. Spindle unit is the important motion part of the metal cutting machine tool. Its movement behavior affects the machining accuracy and surface roughness of part to be machined. Through referring to a variety of technical literatures, the characteristics of some kinds of spindle units are compared with each other based on analysis and research work on different machining centers. A reasonable scheme can be studied out. Meanwhile, the mechanical behaviors of principle parts such as the spindle, bearings and lead screw are discussed. Their rigidity and strength are calculated and examined here. Morever, a kind of advanced ceramic bearings is introduced into the spindle unit, which can effectively enhance the rigidity of spindle units. They will improve the reliability and stability of machining centers.

Key words  spindle unit;machining center;NC machine tool

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