论爱略特《荒原》中的主题及艺术特征

论爱略特《荒原》中的主题及艺术特征
摘  要

文章对爱略特《荒原》中的主题及艺术特征进行了剖析，认为在诗歌中爱略特深刻地表现了人欲横流、精神堕落、丑恶黑暗的西方社会的面貌，传达出第一次世界大战后西方人对现实的厌恶感，普遍的失望情绪和幻灭感，表现了一代人的精神病态和危机。诗歌在对战后西方文明衰落、道德沦丧、精神死亡揭露和批判的同时，孕育着新生和复活的意识。诗人对丧失信仰、庸俗麻木的人们发出震耳欲聋的呐喊，召唤人们从荒原中看到新生和复活的希望。诗人期望人们恪守“舍予、同情、控制”的基督教义并以此来拯救人欲横流、混乱不堪、日渐沉沦的世界，重新建立新的准则和秩序。在表现这个主题的过程中，爱略特将西方著名人类学家弗雷泽所著的《金枝》和魏登女士所著的从《祭仪到神话》作为诗歌的总体框架和意象语言，并使用了大量的典故、意象及象征等艺术表现手法，使作品在主题意义上具有多种解读的可能性。长诗把远古的神话和传说、宗教人物和说教、古典文学和历史故事，以及现代西方的生活片断等等，通过使用大量的象征、意象、及典故，奇妙地剪贴在一起，共同纳入一个以荒原为中心的象征结构，烘托了诗歌的主题。这些艺术表现手法的广泛运用不仅赋予了诗歌美学效果，而且深化了作品的社会价值。

关键词：爱略特，《荒原》，主题，艺术特征
On Themes and Artistic Features of T. S. Eliot’s
 The Waste Land

ABSTRACT

This thesis is devoted to the study of themes and artistic features of T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land. In the poem, Eliot shows a vivid picture of western society with strong lust, mental degeneration, darkness and ugliness, conveys disgust, despair, disillusionment with the decay of post-World War I Europe, and reflects the spiritual exhaustion and mental illness of the post-World War I generation. Meantime, the process of exposing and criticizing moral decay and mental death breeds consciousness of rebirth and resurrection. Eliot calls people who have lost faith totally to see the hope of rebirth and redemption. And the poet expect people to keep the Christian doctrine—“giving,” “sympathizing,” and “controlling” to rebuild new principles and orders. In the process of illustrating the themes, Eliot cites two books from which he draws to create the poem’s symbolic language and outline: Jessie L. Weston’s From Ritual to Romance(1920) and Sir James G. Frazer’s The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion(1890). Besides, Eliot’s adoption of a series of allusions, images and symbolism defines the poem’s multiplicity. The poet mixes descriptions of contemporary life of western society with ancient myths and legend, religious characters and literary works by using a series of allusions, images and symbolism. And Eliot incorporates them into the symbolism centered on the waste land which enhances the theme of rebirth. The widely-used artistic devices not only endow the poem with the effect of aesthetics but also deepen the social values of the work.

Key words: T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land, themes, artistic features

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