试论中英新词来源之异同

试论中英新词来源之异同
摘  要

语言中的词汇是反映社会变化最敏感的因素之一。随着现代科学技术的发展以及政治、经济和社会生活的变化，大量新词涌现出来。文章通过对中英新词来源的对比分析，指出由于文化背景、民族心理和文字表述系统的原因，中英新词的来源存在着差别。其中，由于英语国家的人们政治意识比较强，对政治比较感兴趣，参政议政的积极性也普遍较高，所以来自于政治领域的新词也就相对较多。而中国则是随着改革开放的浪潮，经济迅速发展，人们的生活随之发生改变，相应地汉语中反映这一变化的新词大量出现。在民族心理上，英语民族表现得很开放，因此他们借入的新词甚多，并且大多是以原汁原味的方式借入的；汉民族就相对保守很多，对外来的事物持有排斥心理，对外来的新词也不例外。至于文字的表述系统，英语就不如汉语那么严谨和完善了。同时，通过对比分析，两者在很大程度上又有着相似之处。比如：语言标示缩略化，大量的新字母缩略词以及新数字缩略词出现；新词的创造过程走向类比化，即模仿已有词汇炮制出大量新词；语用过程口语化，即大量的方言词、俚语成为新词进入人们的视听范围；在新词的构成过程中，人们融入了高雅的心理，使得大量新委婉语出现，从而新词又趋向优雅化。

关键词：中英新词，来源，异同
On Differences and Similarities Between Chinese and English New Words Derivation
 
ABSTRACT

Vocabulary is one of the most sensitive elements in language which reflects the changes of society. Many new words have emerged with the development of modern science and technology as well as the changes of politics, economy and social life. This paper attempts to point out, by comparative analysis of Chinese and English new words derivation, the differences in them are the results of different cultural background, national psychology and words expressing systems. Because people’s political concept in English speaking countries are much stronger than Chinese, they are interested in politics and participate in political activities positively. As a result, there are a great number of new words from politics. However, with the reform and opening up policy in China, the economy develops rapidly and people’s life changes a lot. Owing to the huge changes, quantities of new words emerge. For the national psychology, English people are quite open and they borrow a lot of new words from other nations, while most of the loaned new words are introduced by means of keeping intact. Instead, Chinese people are rather conservative and they maintain an exclusive attitude to the things from outside world, including loaned new words. As to words expressing systems, English is less strict and perfect than Chinese. Meanwhile, the similarities can be attributed to the following aspects: throughout the comparison, for example, language symbols become abbreviation-rization, which indicates that many new initialisms, acronyms and number phrase shortening words emerge; the word producing tends to be analogy-rization, which means to create plenty of new words by way of imitating the established words; the pragmatic process tends to be colloquial, which indicates that dialects or slangs become new words and enter people’s vision and hearing; in the new words building process, people blend a sense of grace into it and lots of new euphemisms emerge, so the new words become grace-rization as well.
Key words: Chinese and English new words, derivation, differences and similarities

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