从文化角度对比研究中美家庭教育

摘    要

家庭教育是教育的重要组成部分，无论是对于个体的成长还是对于整个社会的发展，家庭教育都有着不可替代的作用。在政治、经济、文化等诸多因素的影响下，不同国家的家庭教育呈现出不同的特征。其中，文化对家庭教育的影响可谓深远。本文主要从文化的视角对中美两国的家庭教育进行比较分析，同时对两国家庭教育的相似之处也作了初步研究。
在家庭教育目的上，中国家庭教育由于受到群体本位意识的影响，强调个体与整个家族的联系，因此，在教育目的的取向上倾向于家庭本位，并形成了要求孩子通过掌握一定的文化知识和技能而“成才”的教育目的。美国家庭教育由于受到个体本位意识的影响，在教育目的的取向上倾向于个体本位，并注重培养孩子的社会适应能力。
在家庭教育内容上，由于受不同的成功观的影响，中国的家庭教育注重对孩子进行功利性的文化知识教育，而美国的家庭教育注重对孩子进行生存和社会实践教育。
在家庭教育方式上，群体本位意识和个体本位意识以及两国不同的家庭观导致了中美两国截然不同的家庭教育方式。中国的家庭教育方式为家长主导决定型，美国则为民主开放型。
文化影响下的中美两国家庭教育各具特色、各有优缺，本文在探究中美两国家庭教育存在诸多差异的深层原因的基础上，也对两国家庭教育的相似性作了初步的研究。最后对中国的家庭教育改进提出几点建议，以期中国的家庭教育更加合理、完善。

关键词:  家庭教育;  群体本位意识;  个体本位意识;  家庭教育目的;  家庭教育内容；  家庭教育方式
Abstract

Family education is one of the most important parts of education and it takes great effect not only on personal growth but also the development of the entire society. Family education of different nations presents different characteristics under the influence of policy, economy and culture. Culture is of deeper influence to the family education. This dissertation is mainly about comparative analysis of family education between China and America from the perspective of culture.
Under the influence of collectivism, the purpose of Chinese family education emphasizes the link between individuality and the family and expects children to master the cultural knowledge and skills. However, the purpose of American family education, under the influence of individualism, is inclined to encourage the individual achievement. American parents pay more attention to cultivate children with many kinds of abilities which can be used to live better in the society.
As Chinese and American people have different views about success, the content of two countries’ family education is also different. Chinese parents pay more attention to literacy education, but American parents emphasize livelihood education.
As for the education method, Chinese parents are inclined to use the authority in decision-making, but American parents like to treat their children in an open and democratic method. Besides the influence of collectivism and individualism, the existence of this difference also derives from the different views of family.
Chinese family education and American family education have respective characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. On the basic of exploration into causes of the differences, this dissertation also does preliminary study on the similarities of the two countries’ family education. In the end, the author tries to give some reasonable advice, hoping that Chinese family education will be more rational.

Keywords:  Family Education;  Collectivism;  Individualism;  Family Education Purposes;  Family Education Contents;  Family Education Methods

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