城乡人力资源双向流动研究
我国从90年代开始就存在着大规模的农村劳动力向城市转移，出现了所谓的“民工潮”。大量的农民工流向城市，为城市建设提供了丰富的人力资源，促进了城市经济的发展。但是随着大量外来人口的涌入，城市日益拥挤，城市问题突出，包括住房问题、就业问题、治安问题等等。而在农村，外出打工者增加了经济收入，改善了生活水平，但是随着大量的年轻力壮的青年离开农村到城市打工，农村只剩下老人、妇女、小孩，农村发展缺乏后颈，农村的发展受到制约。近年来，我国人力资源市场上新出现了一股人力资源向农村流动的细流，规模虽小，但这是我国人力资源市场上农村人力资源单向转移向城乡人力资源双向流动转变的重要突破。
而无论是以往或者现在，国内外专家们关于劳动力流动的研究大都是围绕着农村劳动力单向转移问题，而关于城市人力资源的流动问题研究却相当的少。在我国现实人力资源流动中也确实是农村人力资源向城市转移占据主流，但笔者认为不仅应该提倡农村人力资源的转移，而且要倡导城乡人力资源双向流动，这有利于实现城乡人力资源市场一体化，进而改变我国现实的二元经济格局，最终实现城乡经济一体化。
本文研究人力资源流动，是从城乡人力资源双向流动角度进行研究的，即研究农村人力资源向城市转移以及人力资源流向乡镇农村，其中研究的重点是人力资源流向乡镇农村状况。运用劳动经济学、管理学、人口流动理论，阐述了我国现实中存在城乡人力资源双向流动情况，特别分析了人力资源向农村流动的特征、流动模式、流动原因、积极效应。分析我国城乡人力资源双向流动中存在的问题，并在最后提出解决问题的对策。
关键词：人力资源，双向流动，新农村建设，城镇化，城乡人力资源市场一体化
ABSTRACT
From the beginning of 90's , there is a large-scale transfer of rural labor to cities in our country, called “migrant labor rush”.A large number of migrant labors provide a wealth of human resources to the cities for the urban construction and promote the urban economic development. However, with the influx of a large number of non-native populations, the cities become more and more crowded and urban problems occur, including housing problems, employment problems, and public security problems and so on. In rural areas, staffs get higher income and improved their living life. But with a large number of rural youth and strength’ leaving, only the elderly, women, children work in rural areas. Rural’ development is restricted by the lack of work force. In recent years in China's human resources market, there is a new small flow of human resources from urban to rural areas. This is a change in our human resources market from one-way transfer of human resources in rural areas for urban in the past to two-way flow of human resources .
Regardless of past or present, domestic and foreign experts’ researches on the labor movement are centered on one-way transfer of rural labor, but pay very little attention to human resources migration on urban .And the reality of our human resources is also true that flows of human resources in rural areas to the cities occupy the mainstream, but I believe that we should not only promote the transfer of human resources in rural areas, but also calling for two-way interaction of human resources between rural and urban. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study of the flow of human resources from urban to rural areas, which is conducive to the achievement of market integration of human resources in urban and rural areas, thereby changing the reality of China's dual economic structure, to achieve economic integration in urban and rural areas. In this paper, the two-way flow of human resources between urban and rural will be analyzed, including the human resources of rural to urban shift and the flow of human resources in rural areas, which is the focus of the study in this paper. Labor economics, management, and population movement theory are used to explain the reality of two-way flow of human resources between urban and rural areas. Particularly analyze the characteristics, the flow patterns, flow reasons, the positive effects of the flow of urban human resources. Analyze the problems exist in China's urban and rural two-way interaction of human resources and propose solutions to the problems.
Key Words: Human Resources, Two-Way Interaction, New Village Construction, Urbanization, Human Resources Market Integration of Rural and Urban Areas
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