英汉道歉语的跨文化研究

    从二十世纪七十年代中期开始,一些如言语行为理论、合作原则和礼貌原则的语用学理论不断发展,使得国内外很多学者对这些理论的文化普遍性提出了质疑。跨文化对比研究交往规则和言语行为文化差异，逐渐成为跨文化交际学和语用学领域的重要课题。其中之一便是道歉语研究。道歉,是一种一直受到语用学和社会语言学等相关领域极大关注的言语行为。所谓道歉言语行为，是一种能为实际地或者是潜在地受到冒犯的听者提供面子上的支持的行为。步入二十一世纪以来，中西方的接触与合作不断增多,而二者存在不同的社会背景,文化观念以及价值观念,所以在跨文化交际中,往往会出现误解甚至导致冲突。国内外的很多学者对相同或不同文化背景下的道歉言语行为、道歉策略的选择及其成因，从跨文化角度、母语文化迁移和中介语迁移等多角度进行了广泛研究,最具影响力之一的是Blum-Kulka＆Olshtain(1984)等学者对道歉语和请求语在“跨文化言语行为实现方式计划”中的研究。但是,相对而言很少国内外学者对道歉语的回应及回应策略进行分析研究。因此,为了能够更顺畅的进行跨文化交际,提高跨文化交际水平,跨文化地研究中英道歉言语行为就显得非常有必要了。本篇论文开篇介绍了一些跨文化交际的基础知识，和言语行为理论与面子理论这两个相关理论。然后,跨文化地对比分析了中英文道歉言语行为和它们的实现模式,主要是从语义和语用两个角度得出其间的相同点与不同点，同时讨论了造成这些不同点的文化因素。最后,作者提出一些对这些不同点的应对策略，分析了这些不同点对于英语教学、英语学习和跨文化交际三个领域的启示。作者看来，纵使中英道歉言语行为及实现模式在一些角度有共同之处，但是基于两者不同的文化和价值观念，在很多方面又存在差异,比如:不同的语义和频率,不同的选择和社会距离以及相对权势等对其选择都有影响。作为二语习得者，作者认为应当采用多种策略去应对这些差异，争取在跨文化交际中取得成果。希望本论文对中英道歉策略的跨文化研究有一定的理论价值，并对跨文化交际能力的提高有指导意义。

关键词:   跨文化交际；  道歉；  策略
Abstract

     Since the mid-1970s, pragmatic theories such as Speech Act Theory, Cooperation Principles and Politeness Principles have a continuous development, which lead to many researches have been making the cultural universality of these theories into questions. Therefore, the comparative studies on cultural differences of communicative norms and speech acts by cross-culture have been a more and more important issue in pragmatics and inter-cultural communication. One of the studies is about the speech act of apology constitute. Apology is such a kind of speech act which has always been the focus by extensive research in the field of pragmatics and sociolinguistics. The speech act of apology is one kind of behavior which is aimed at providing face support for the hearers who have actually been or potentially offended by a violation. Since cooperation and contacts increase between Chinese and the western into the twenty-first century, misunderstandings and even conflicts may often appear in cross-cultural communications because of different social background, cultures and values. Extensive studies on the realization patterns of the speech act of apology and apology strategies in one or many cultural backgrounds have been conducted at home and abroad from the perspective of cross- cultural comparison, native culture transfer and interlanguage transfer. The most influential one among these studies is the CCSARP (Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project) by Blum- Kulka & Olshtain (1984) on the two speech acts of apology and request. Few researchers, however, have analyzed the speech act of apology responses and response strategies. Therefore, in order to help people have a more smooth intercultural communication and improve the skill level of intercultural communication, it is a very necessary thing to study the speech act of apology between Chinese and English. This paper at first introduces some basic knowledge of cross-cultural communication as well as two related theories: speech act theory and face theory. Then it carries out a cross-cultural comparative analysis between Chinese and English speech act of apology , and its realization patterns, discusses both the similarities and differences between them mainly from the perspective of semantics and pragmatics and explores cultural factors resulting these differences. At the end of this paper, author suggests some strategies to handle with these differences, and consider some enlightenment that these differences can make for EFL teaching, learning and cross-cultural communications. In the author’s eyes, though Chinese and English have a lot in common in apologies and the realization patterns of apologies, they are quite different from each other based on different cultures and values in many aspects, such as the different lexical meanings, frequency, specific selection of realization patterns and the weight of social distance, relative power and so on. So as second language learners, the author thinks we should adopt various strategies when dealing with these differences so that we can achieve results in cross-cultural communication. It is hoped that the studies on this paper could exists some theoretical values for the study of the cross-cultural study of English and Chinese apologies, and is helpful for people improve their intercultural communicative ability.

Key Words: Cross-cultural Study;  Apologies;  Strategy

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