中英称呼语差异分析
称呼语是与人沟通的第一步。本文通过分析中西称呼语，其中主要是指汉英称呼语的差异发现东西方文化的不同。从名字的称呼、亲戚的称呼、陌生人的称呼、职衔称呼和礼貌称呼等五个方面对比分析汉英称呼语的不同。从中西方的语言、历史和文化差异方面阐述了称呼语差异产生的原因。论证了汉语的称呼语与中华民族长期在中央集权的社会制度以及作为一个礼仪之邦都是息息相关，等级明显、长幼有序。相反，英语的称呼语在深受民主平等的意识形态影响下，形成了人与人之间平行的关系。但随着跨文化交际，在英语的民主平等的意识形态影响下，汉语的称呼语在不断变化发展。得出了在跨文化交际不断深入的当今，选择正确的称呼语是至关重要的结论。
本文分为五个部分：第一部分介绍称呼语的背景，第二部分阐述称呼语的定义，第三部分分析中西称呼语的差异和原因，第四部分介绍中文中称呼语的新变化，并分析其原因，最后一部分总结全文。
关键词：称呼语；差异；原因；变化
On Differences Between Chinese and English Addressing Terms
Abstract: Addressing terms are the first things conveyed in communication. And Chinese addressing terms have lots of differences from English ones. Through comparing the difference in five aspects, including first name, kinship addressing terms, addressing terms to strangers, addressing terms in occupational titles and addressing terms to show respect, and the causes can be summarized into three aspects. That is to say, the differences on language, history, and culture, difficulties in understanding are likely to appear. The differences between Chinese and English addressing terms also show to some extent that the Chinese system of addressing terms has been dominated by status and politeness norms for many years. On the contrary, with the gradual rise of forms of democratic egalitarian ideology, solidarity and equality increasingly become prevalent in addressing terms in English. The implication is that an English native person without knowledge of Chinese language and culture tends to find it very difficult to cope with the subtlety and complexity of various forms of address to express status or familiarity in China. Moreover, with the society developed and the intercultural communication, Chinese addressing terms are more under the influence of English ones. Therefore, this paper focuses on comparing differences and analyzing causes as well as pointing out some new findings. In order to use the right addressing terms in intercultural communication and make a smooth conversation with foreigners, understanding the cultural differences between two countries is important and necessary.
This paper is divided into five parts：the first part introduces the background of the addressing terms. The second part defines the addressing terms. The third part contrast and analyze the difference of Chinese and English addressing terms. And causes of the diversities are explored. In the fourth part new findings in Chinese addressing terms are dealt with. The last is to summarize the full text.
Keywords: Addressing Terms; Differences; Cause; Change
References:
[1]Becke, S & Eagly, A. American Psychologist[M]. UK: Cambridge Harvard University Press, 2010. 62-78.
[2]]Gudykunst, W & Kim Y, Communication with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2012. 7-137.
[3]Nordquist, R. The Definition Term of Address[EB/OL]. http://grammar.about.Com/od/ tz/g/termofaddressterm.htm, 2011-08-16.
[4]Pride, J. Social Linguistics[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1972. 98-123.
[5]Wardhangh, R. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2012. 45-65.
[6]从杭青. 公关礼仪[M]. 北京: 东方出版, 1995. 2-4.
[7]窦卫霖. 跨文化商务交际[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1994. 192-193.
[8]高一虹. 语言文化差异的认识与超越[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2010. 125-146.
[9]顾曰国. 外语教学与研究[A].中国语用学研究论文精选[C]. 北京: 北京语言学院出版社, 1992. 25-32.
[10]何自然. 语用学与英语学习[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版, 1997. 194-195.
[11]胡文仲. 跨文化交际学概论[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999. 186-188.
[12]黎昌抱. 英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2011, 17(2): 91-94.
[13]刘恭懋. 古代礼貌语言[M]. 贵州: 贵州人民出版社, 2011. 1-2.
[14]马宏基, 常庆丰. 称谓语[M]. 北京: 新华出版, 1998. 5-8.
[15]钱厚生. 英汉问候语告别语对比研究[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1996. 158-163.
[16]苏静, 路佳. 论称谓语的泛化[J]. 山东教育学院学报, 2012, 33(6): 63-66.
[17]卫志强. 称呼的类型及其语用特点[A]. ─语用研究论集[C]. 北京: 北京语言学院出版社, 1994. 64-78.
[18]肖巧玲. 浅议英汉称谓所映射出的中西文化差异[J]. 武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2010, 2(2): 83-86.
[19]方列. 浙江: 80后婚姻遇新矛盾“孩子跟谁姓”成“离婚剂”[EB/OL]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2012-01/14/c_111438275.htm, 2012-1-14.
[20]徐丹. 英汉亲属称谓语差异及其互译[J]. 中国科技翻译, 2011, 14(3): 39-67.
[21]杨应芹. 谈谈汉语称谓载[J]. 安徽大学学报, 1989, 42(3): 2-4.
*若需了解更多与协助请咨询↓→[电脑QQ][手机QQ]【数据协助】
