霍尔顿在逃避和追寻后所获得的精神成长
《麦田里的守望者》被称作是二十世纪美国文学的“现代经典”， 其作者J.D.塞林格也因此被认为是二战后最重要的美国小说家之一。小说通过描写霍尔顿在纽约三天的游荡经历，向我们展示了一个内心充满困惑与迷茫的青年与现实世界达成和解，并逐渐走向成熟的心路历程。
本文主要从逃避和追寻的角度来分析霍尔顿的成长。通过对霍尔顿语言与行为的研究，我们可以发现他既是一个痛苦的逃避者，又是一个坚定的追寻者。在假模假式的社会中，由于得不到父母，老师，朋友的理解与指引，霍尔顿选择用逃跑来发泄自己的不满。他逃出寄宿学校，逃出家，计划逃出纽约城，甚至幻想要逃到西部去做一个聋哑人，彻底逃离社会。这个过程中，他逃避的是现代文明，是成人世界，是冷漠虚伪的社会。与此同时，他也在不断追寻着自身存在的意义，追寻纯洁和真爱，追寻回归自然。在对现实失望的同时，霍尔顿总是能从孩子身上得到安慰，因此他想要做一个麦田里的守望者，守卫天真的孩子不受侵害。然而，在不断的逃避和追寻过程中，霍尔顿逐渐意识到童年的天真无邪终究是短暂易逝的，企图阻止孩子们长大成人是徒劳无益的，他所逃避的一切都是不可避免的。而且他所追寻的纯洁和真爱也只能存在于人与人的关系之中。由于认识到回归现实的必要性和成长的必然性，霍尔顿开始重新审视自己，审视社会。最终由于受到菲比的启发，他从失望中清醒过来，他选择和社会取得和解，回到正常的生活当中。但这并不意味着他甘愿成为假模假式的社会中虚伪的一员。相反，正是这些挣扎与顿悟使霍尔顿明白了现实世界固然是不完美的，但纯洁和真爱仍是我们不断追寻的主题。懦弱的逃避和不切实际的追寻是没有意义的，我们必须勇敢地承担起属于自己的责任。
本文通过对分析霍尔顿的心理成长，不仅可以帮助我们更深刻的了解被称作“垮掉的一代”的青年人的成长历程，同时对处理青少年的心理困惑有普遍的借鉴意义，所有青少年都会或多或少的面临与霍尔顿一样的成长问题。成年人应当更关心青少年的成长，给予他们更多理解和爱。
关键词：塞林格；麦田里的守望者；成长；逃避；追寻
Abstract
The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as the “modern classic” of American literature in the 20th century. Its publication also established the J. D. Salinger’s position as one of the most significant post-World War II American novelists. Through the description of Holden’s three-day experience in New York, the novel mainly reveals to the readers how Holden Caulfield, an adolescent who is full of confusion eventually reconciled himself to the modern world and got psychological growth.
This thesis mainly talks about Holden’s psychological growth in the perspective of the struggle between escape and quest. With researches on Holden’s language and behavior, we could find that he is not only a poignant escapist but also a staunch seeker. Failed to get guidance and understanding from his parents, teachers and friends in the phony world, Holden chose to show his dissatisfaction through escaping. He runs away from Pency Prep, from his home and from New York, he even fantasies to be deaf-mute in the West, completely bidding farewell to the hubbub of the modern world. During this period, what he does want to escape from is the modern civilization, the adult world, the cold and phony society. However, at the same time, he is questing for self-identity, innocence, love and going back to nature. He can always get comfort from children when he is attacked by the cruel reality, so he wants to be a catcher in the rye, whose commission is to protect children from falling off cliff. However, after continuous escape and quest and with the help of several times of epiphany, Holden gradually realizes that innocent childhood is brief and transient, all his efforts to keep children from growing up are futile and all that he wants to escape from is inevitable. What’s more, what he really quests for—innocence and love—can only be found in the social relationship among people. Having cognizance of the necessity of returning back to the reality and getting growth, Holden starts to reexamine himself and the society he is living in. Eventually, inspired by Phoebe’s affection and kindness, he decides to reconcile to the modern society, reenters the normal life and takes on his role as an adult. Apparently, it does not mean that he will totally melt into the society and become one of the phony persons he bitterly hates. On the contrary he will cherish purity and innocence forever.
Researches on Holden’s psychological growth can not only help us understand the so called “beat generation” in America from a more profound perspective, we can also draw on some general reference from Holden to deal with the psychological confusions of modern adolescents through out the world.
Key words: Salinger； The Catcher in the Rye；growth；escape；quest
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