“权力分立”学说与美国宪法的制衡机制

近代的权力分立概念，最早由英国哲学家约翰•洛克提出，后由法国社会学家孟德斯鸠继承与发展，得到许多西方国家采纳，对世界政治体系产生了深远的影响。此政治理论背景下，国家政府被分为若干部门，每一部门被赋予既相互独立又相互依存的权力与责任，以至于没有任何一个部门的权力可以高于其他部门。200多年以前，美国建国者们想要建立一个不允许某一部分人拥有太多权力的国家政府，为此他们将权力分立概念写入宪法。在分权的同时，他们也需要一种制约各个部门权力的方式，这一权力制约的设想正是通过美国宪法的制衡机制来实现。“权力分立”学说与制衡机制是美国宪法的重要组成部分，根据这一原则，美国政府分为立法，行政，司法三个权力部门，彼此相互制约依存。这些政治决策自200多年前被确定后从未改变，至今仍存在于美国政治体系中并正常运作。因此，对“权力分立”学说和美国宪法的制衡机制进行全面综合的了解是很有必要的。本篇论文分为四部分。第一部分首先对论文进行概括性介绍。第二部分主要从权力分立的起源及洛克、孟德斯鸠的权力分立理论阐述权力分立。第三部分从美国宪法的形成及权力部门相互制约两方面论述了美国宪法的制衡机制。最后一部分对权力分立和美国宪法的制衡机制进行了总结。

关键词：权力分立   权力制衡   美国宪法   政治体制   民主

“Separation of Powers” and “Checks and Balances”
of American Constitution

Abstract

  Modern idea of separation of powers, adopted by most western countries, was put forward by English philosopher John Locke and developed by the French sociologist Charles Louis Montesquieu, and has a great influence on the world political system. More than 200 years ago, the Founding Fathers of the United States wanted to form a government that would not allow any one department or person to have too much power. They adopted the separation of powers in the American constitution. Meanwhile, they added a means to balance each of the branches through the checks and balances. The separation of powers and the system of checks and balances are important parts of the Constitution of the United States of America. Therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive study of such principles in order to understand how the United States government works. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part gives a general introduction to the paper. The second part mainly talks about separation of powers through its origin and John Locke and Montesquieu’s theories. The third part states Checks and Balances of American Constitution through the formation of American constitution and checks among the three branches. The last part summarizes the principles of separation of powers and checks and balances of American constitution.

Key words: Separation of powers,   Checks and balances,   The Constitution,   Political system,   Democracy

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