《时时刻刻》中女性主体意识和身份危机的分析

本论文是基于1999年普利策奖获得小说《时时刻刻》而展开的，小说讲述了20世纪初到20世纪末同一天中三位女性的生活片段，分别从她们作为女作家、家庭主妇和同性恋编辑的身份，描述她们遭遇的生存困境。小说讲述的是女性为了自由、身份进行的思想和行动上的斗争。最终，三位主人公在与死亡的较量中获得了自我救赎。
本论文打算从存在主义角度入手，进行分析。存在主义产生与一战后，人们丧失了归属感，对自我定义、生活的本质模糊不清。让•保罗•萨特提出了“存在先于本质”，使存在主义对文学产生了深远的影响。这个观点主张：人出生在这个世界上本无意义，只有通过自我锻造才能实现自我价值。《时时刻刻》的主题，如个人的生存困境、自由、两难选择、伴随着选择的责任，都符合存在主义的主要理念。
整篇论文分为五个部分：概述、三个主要章节和总结。概述部分主要介绍了《时时刻刻》这部小说和作者迈克尔•奎宁安。第二章主要讲述了三位女主人公的生存困境：弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的写作生涯、家庭主妇劳拉抛弃家庭、女同性恋编辑克拉丽莎的伴侣选择。第三章分析了人物身份危机的原因。第四章从存在主义的角度指出了小说的主题：人的生存状况、自由选择和相关的责任。主人公在故事结尾都从死亡的较量中获得了自我救赎。总结部分归纳了小说向读者揭示的关于抉择、生命的意义的启示。
通过分析主人公的生存现状和困境，以及她们对于人生的坚定的选择，这篇论文意在使读者警惕、关注自己的生存现状，思索人生的意义。
 
关键词： 存在主义；《时时刻刻》；身份危机；选择
An Analysis of The Hours from the Perspectives of Female Subjective Consciousness and Identity Crisis

Abstract: The thesis is based on the winning works of 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, The Hours, which depicts three women’s dilemma of existence on the same day respectively playing the roles as a female writer, a housewife and a lesbian editor respectively from the early period of the 20th century to the end of 20th century. The novel tells of a story about women’s fight for freedom and identity both mentally and physically. Ultimately, three main characters get self-salvation from the encountering with death.
The thesis intends to analyze the novel from the perspective of Existentialism. Existentialism is the psychology coming into being after the First World War. Due to the coming of modern times, humans could not find the sense of belonging and were vague on matters of self-definition and life essence. Its profound and lasting influence in literature was exerted by Jean-Paul Sartre who advocated that existence precedes essence. This idea regards that humans’ existence in the universe is meaningless originally, and attaches importance to self-forging which is deemed to achieve self-worth. The themes of The Hours, such as the existential predicament, freedom, free choices and the responsibility that are accompanied with different choices in life, are all in correspondent with the core philosophy of Existentialism.
The thesis is divided into five parts: a general introduction, three-main body parts and conclusion. The introduction of The Hours and author are placed in the first chapter. The second chapter illustrates the predicament of three women’s existing circumstances respectively from the writing career of Virginia Woolf, the departure from family of the housewife Laura and the companion choice of the lesbian editor Clarissa. The third chapter analyzes the causes of female identity crisis. The fourth chapter points out the main themes of the novel from Existentialism perspective: human existence, free choice and related responsibilities. Three characters have similar revelation of death and all gain self-redemption at the end of their stories. The conclusion sums up the revelation of choices and life meaning.
Through the study of main characters’ existing circumstances, predicament and their resolute choices in life, this paper aims to warn the readers to pay more attention to their own existential situation and to ponder on the significance of life.

Keywords: Existentialism; The Hours; identity crisis; choice

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