浅谈《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽与“剩女”悲剧成因的异同
威廉•福克纳是美国二十世纪最著名的小说家之一。《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是是他的短篇小说代表作。在这篇小说中，福克纳突出的谴责了南方传统中的淑女制度，清教妇道观对南方妇女的摧残。从人物艾米丽身上折射出福克纳的人文忧患，她的女性观点及对父权制度禁锢和摧残女性的谴责和揭露，同时也表达了他对女性悲惨命运的深切的同情。
论文以描写一个没落的南方贵族小姐艾米丽•格里尔森，为挽住大势已去的南部文明而锐不可挡的北方先进的工业文明所做的殊死抗争的悲剧典型形象人物为宏线，着重从清教主义制度下的父权制度、当时的社会背景、及艾米丽个人的思想变态来分析艾米丽的悲剧成因。在抗争过程中艾米丽表面上看艾米丽捍卫的是自己死去的爱情，实际上是一种已成为过去的的南方文化精神，包括辉煌的贵族门第观念、骄傲的个人荣誉和尊严、南方贵族淑女风范等。
“剩女”是现代大龄未婚女性的代名词”她们一人吃饱全家不饿，正在苦苦地寻找着自己的另一半。造成这种悲剧的原因，从宏观来看，现代人都要向往城市，而在城市中的市民远不如农村沟通普遍，为了跟上城市生活节奏，不被生活所抛弃，整天忙于工作、事业，无心恋爱。从微观上看越来越多的人追求一种拜金生活，她们在无知、欲望攀比以及贪婪的诱使下总期待还有更好的，想通过高富帅来实现自己的优质生活。还有来自社会的各种压力，如就业、房价、物价等等。
本文从悲剧成因角度对艾米丽与“剩女”进行研究探讨，从而反映了在男权社会女性的反叛精神及资本主义制度的罪恶。毫无疑问艾米丽的悲剧不仅源于当时的社会背景、清教主义思想下的父权制度，还有她个人的思想变态。她在与时代和命运抗争中的种种做法是极端的不可取的。但我们不得不承认她的勇敢，执着，固执，坚强。与艾米丽不同的是“剩女”是新时代的产物，从“剩女”身上我们看到的不只是寻觅理想配偶的执着，还有严重社会压力下人们的无奈和追求财富的扭曲心理。
本文从悲剧角度将二者进行对比研究，着力挖掘隐藏在故事背后的东西-悲剧或苦难的根源，而不是悲剧或苦难的本身。她们都有一种不屈服于命运，向社会抗争的勇气。她们的抗争是无法从社会中逃离的，都是时代的产物。但她们的都告诉我们命运的改变应该是理智的，顺应时代发展方向的。
关键词: 父权制;清教主义;社会背景；艾米丽;剩女;悲剧成因
Abstract
William Faulkner is one of the greatest American novelists of the twentieth—century. A Rose for Emily is the masterpiece of his short stories. The thesis makes us clear that William Faulkner condemned the South ladies’ system and the Puritan concept of womanhood intensely though describing Emily’s sexual perversion. At the same time William Faulkner shows a great sympathy for the female protagonist Emily.
In this novel, William Faulkner describes a fall of southern aristocratic Miss Emily who fights again the advanced industrial civilization in the north in order to hold the southern civilization. However, this tide is sharp and unstoppable. This thesis makes this as a macro line, emphatically from the Puritan socialist system under the patriarchal system, the social background at that time and Emily personal thoughts of abnormal condition to analyze the causes of Emily’s tragedy. On the surface, Emily’s fighting is to defend her dead love, actually a kind of southern culture spirit which has become the past, including the magnificent noble society, pride of personal honor and dignity, southern noble lady style, etc.
“3S Lady”is a pronoun of the older unwedded female. They are struggling to find their own other half. There are many reasons for this tragedy. From the macroscopic view, modern people are yearning for cities and residence in the urban than rural community widely, in order to keep up with the pace of city life, not to be abandoned by life; they are busy working all day and have no time to love. From microscopic point of view, more and more people are pursuing a materialistic life, in their ignorance，are desire and greed lured always look forward to a better, and a high quality life. There are all kinds of pressure from society, such as employment, housing prices and some articles they have to pay lost.
This thesis centers on “3S Lady”and Emily’s tragedy, reflects the rebellious spirit of the women in the patriarchal society and the capitalist system’s sin. There is no doubt that Emily’s tragedy originates not only from the social background at that time, but also from the Puritanism thought under the patriarchal system and her personal abnormal thoughts. Her efforts in the struggle with the time and fate are extremely not desirable, but we have to admit that she is brave, persistent, stubborn, and strong. Unlike Emily “3S Lady” is the product of the new era. What we can see is that she is not just looking for ideal spouse but also she is helpless under the social pressure in the pursuit wealth under distorted psychology.
This thesis from the perspective of tragedy will make a comparison and a contrast research, focusing on mining the hidden story of stuff-tragedy or the root of suffering, rather than a tragedy or the suffering itself. They all have courage to fight against fate and society. However, they cannot escape from the society because they are the product of the era. But they told us the fate of the change should be agreeable with the process of social development.
Key words: Patriarchy; Puritanism; Social background; Emily ;“3S Lady”; Causes of the tragedy
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