中美“鬼”文化对比研究

当今世界上几乎每个国家都有特殊的“鬼”与鬼文化, 如中国的牛头马面, 日本的幽灵, 西方的吸血鬼等等。中国和西方各国有着不同的文化根基地, 它们的鬼魂观和鬼文化却具有很多异同点, 这些异同点反映了中西各国人民在认识世界及自身时所遇到的共同困惑。本文通过对中美“鬼”的文字释义, 寓意挖掘, 价值评判, 透过中西方“鬼”的民俗和仪式的比较, 从对鬼文化的追踪溯源入手揭示中美“鬼”文化的特点， 探讨中美“鬼”文化的异同；对中美经典鬼文学作品的分析、主题探讨，对比中美鬼文化的间的差异性。通过以上的对比研究发现不论是哪种文化形态下，鬼的形成与产生多是人死后的亡灵，是肉身消亡之后留在世间或其它时空的形态。无论是中国民间文化还是西方民间文化都流传着“灵魂不死（朽）”之说。这一方面反映人类的自我优越感，又反映人对生的眷恋以及对死的恐惧。但是，关于灵魂的性质与存在方式，中美文化的差异还是很大的。鬼神观念与宗教文化、民俗传统是分不开的。

关键字：  鬼    鬼文化   万圣节   盂兰节
A Comparative Study of Ghost Culture in China and America

Abstract

Most nations have their own unique ghost culture, such as China's NiuTouMaMian, Japan's ghost, the western of vampires and so on. China and the western countries although differ in their views on ghost and ghost culture, they still have a lot of similarities. The similarities and differences between China and the west reflect the common confusion of people all over the world. This thesis aims at revealing the characteristics of "ghost" culture, and at the same time discussing the similarities and differences of ghost culture between China and America through the interpretation of "ghost", value judgment, and the comparison of folk custom and the ceremony of ghost culture. By analyzing of classic ghost literature between China and America and exploring the theme and the differences between them, we find that regardless of cultural forms, the ghost formation and produce are the souls of the dead, and the flesh dying out in the shape of the earth or other space-time. Whether it is a Chinese folk culture or Western folk culture, ghost culture goes around＂the immortality of the soul (rust) ", which not only reflects human feelings of superiority, but also reflects the attachment of the life and the fear of death. However, with regard to the nature of the soul and the existence, cultural differences between China and the United States are still very large due to the fact that spirit concepts, religious culture and folk traditions are inseparable.

Key words:  Ghost,   Ghost Culture,   Halloween,   The Ghost Festival

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