上海工部局的近代化城市管理模式研究

上海公租界工部局，是上海公租界的城市管理机关，因与六部中的工部相似而得名，是中国近代持续时间最长，机构最为完善，影响最为巨大的租界管理机关。19世纪50年代,上海英租界首先成立了工部局作为租界的市政机关。工部局招募巡捕，修筑道路码头，有力地促进了租界地区的繁荣与稳定。美英租界合并为上海公租界以后，工部局权力不断扩大，机构日益完善，各种章程先后颁布，从市政管理走向全面管理，成为上海公租界名副其实的“自治政府”,逐渐形成了一套近代化的城市管理模式。工部局的近代化城市管理模式不仅促进了公租界的繁荣与发展，更对华界产生了巨大影响，推动近代中国人探索新的城市管理模式的进程。

关键词：工部局;近代城市;城市管理;工部局董事会;公用事业

Abstract

Shanghai public concession, the urban management authority, gained its name owing to familiar to municipal committee among six ministries in feudal China. It is the concession management authority which lasted longest, owned the most perfect agency, and had the greatest impact in modern China. In 19th 50s, when Shanghai Xiaodao Association revolted, a large number of Chinese fled into concession for asylum. Then the situation of mix between Chinese and the foreign came into being. In order to cope with the subsequent chaos, Shanghai Britain concession firstly set up municipal committee as concession’s municipal administration. That municipal committee recruited constables constructed the roads and wharfs effectively contributed to the booming and stability in concession. After the combination of American and Britain concessions, the power of municipal committee continued to expand. Diverse statutes were issued one after another. Its municipal management converted to overall management that the finance and tax, police affairs, road administration, the public utilities brought into municipal committee’ scope. It turned into truly “autonomous government”. As Shanghai developed into a big city, municipal committee continually improved the various system, ranging from the internal decision-making, and finance to the management of urban police affairs, traffics, and public utilities. It gradually formed a modern city management mode, which not only accelerated the prosperity and development of public concession, but also had great effect on the Chinese community and promoted the process of Chinese people exploring the new city management.
Keywords: Municipal committee; Modern city；city management ；Board of directors；Public utilities

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