佛洛伊德的精神分析与文学创作

西格尔顿·弗洛伊德，精神分析学派的创始人，提出了人的“潜意识”、“自我”、“本我”、“超我”，“俄狄浦斯情节”，“性冲动”等概念。著有《性学三论》、《梦的释义》、《精神分析论》等等》。其成就对哲学，美学，心理学，甚至对文学都有影响。弗洛伊德对文学的影响主要有两方面：一是精神分析，主要研究人的无意识动机；二是弗洛伊德跳出心理学而涉及文坛，直接对文学艺术的创作和批评发表精神分析学派的看法，使精神分析和文学的关系更为密切。本文简述了弗洛伊德精神分析理论，通过对弗洛伊德的了解，对精神分析、意识流、潜意识、无意识理论的分析，阐明了作家的创作活动就是通过冲破理性，发挥本能冲动的过程来释放受到抑制的本能，意在反驳“人是理性动物”的传统观念。结合著名文学著作论证精神分析对文学的影响，剖析精神分析理论和意识流对作者思想的精神渗透，进一步深入作者的创作内心，解读深层次的含义，为文学著作的研读提供了理解工具，为文学的系统研究提供了理论支持。

关键词：弗洛伊德； 精神分析理论； 意识流； 潜意识； 无意识； 自我；本我； 超我
ABSTRACT

Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis. He proposed the concept of “unconscious” ，“Id”， ‘Ego”， “Su per-ego” ，“Oedipus complex” and “Libido”. His famous works are Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, The Interpretation of Dreams, Psychoanalytic Theory and so on. Their achievements have effect on philosophy, aesthetic, psychology and literature. There are two sides influence on the literature by Freud. One is human unconscious motives of psychoanalysis; the other is Freud involves the literature field to give psychoanalytic comments on literary and criticism， which helps to keep close the relationship between psychoanalysis and literature. This paper intends to expose psychoanalysis and stream of conscious, the theory of the subconscious and unconscious and refute the traditional concept of “man is a rational animal”. The writer’s creative activities are to break through the rationality, to express the id of the process to release suppressed instinct. Combined with the famous literary works, the paper demonstrates the influence of spirit analysis on literature，analyzes the spiritual permeation of the psychoanalytic theory and the stream of consciousness and further read the author’s creative mind. It aims at providing a tool for the comprehension and study of literary works and it also provides theoretical supports for the systemic research of literature.

Key words: Freud  Psychoanalysis  Stream of conscious  Subconscious  Unconscious  Id  Ego  Super-ego

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