从《红楼梦》中的宝黛对话谈合作原则和礼貌原则的运用
《红楼梦》是中国封建社会的百科全书，也是世界文学经典巨著之一。其艺术上的巨大成就，突出的表现在成功的塑造了数百个有些有肉的人物形象。而其中每一个精彩的艺术形象都有自己鲜明独特的个性语言，人物对话占了全书将近一半的篇幅，对小说的艺术创造及人物塑造起到了重要的作用。也为会话理论的分析提供了丰富的文本材料。
“合作原则”是由美国著名语言哲学家格赖斯于1967年在哈佛大学的演讲中提出的。格赖斯认为，在人们交际过程中，对话双方似乎在有意无意地遵循着某一原则，以求有效地配合从而完成交际任务。然而，人们在实际言语交际中，并非总是遵守“合作原则”。出于需要，人们会故意违反合作原则，以实现某种会话含义。里奇等在进一步的研究中从修辞学和语体学的角度提出了礼貌原则，认为人们在会话中之所以违反合作原则是出于礼貌的原因。
本文分析了合作原则和礼貌原则在《红楼梦》宝黛的对话中的运用，证明了由西方人提出的这两个原则同样适用于中国的小说对话，同时对于小说人物以及情节本身的解读有着重要的意义。
关键词：红楼梦，对话，合作原则，礼貌原则
Application of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in the Dialogues between Baoyu and Daiyu in A Dream of Red Mansions
Abstract
A Dream of Red Mansions is an encyclopaedia of the Chinese feudal society as well as one of the world great classics. Its great achievements in art lies especially in its successful creation of hundreds of vivid and substantial characters， each of whom has its own distinct use of language to display their features. The dialogues of the characters take up nearly half of the whole length of the story, which contributes a lot in the development of the story and the characterization of the roles, as well as provides an abundant source for the analysis of dialogues.
Cooperative Principle was proposed by Grice, a famous American linguist, in his speech at Harvard University in 1967. To Grice, people are consciously or unconsciously obeying a certain rule in their conversations in order to cooperate to achieve the purpose of the communication. However, people do not always follow Cooperative Principle in the practical interaction. They sometimes go against the principle deliberately in an attempt to achieve certain conversational implicatures. Leech proposed Politeness Principle from the perspectives of rhetorics and stylistics in his further study. He believes that people go against Cooperative Principle in consideration of politeness.
This thesis analyzes the application of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in the dialogues between Baoyu and Daiyu in A Dream of Red Mansions and proves that the two principles put forward by westerners also apply to Chinese fictional conversation and are useful in the interpretation of the characters and the story itself.
Key words: A Dream of Red Mansions, dialogue, Cooperative Principle, Politeness
Principle
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