浅析《单向度的人》中马尔库塞的人本思想
随着社会的发展以及新能源和新的生产方式的广泛应用，资本主义社会的工业得到了飞跃发展，社会生活的各个方面都取得了进步，人们的物质生活得到了前所未有的满足，但随之社会也出现了新的问题。马尔库塞在他的《单向度的人》一书中指出了这些新的问题。马尔库塞认为现在的社会已经与之前的社会不同了，人在这种环境中不知不觉得自己放弃了自己的批判性和否定性。马尔库塞希望社会和人可以摆脱这种困境，他将早期马克思思想与弗洛伊德的精神分析理论相结合，把这个作为理论基础，形成了自己的人本思想。
本文主要从社会与人这两个主体出发，对马尔库塞《单向度的人》这本书作整体的分析和解读，进而解读马尔库塞的人本思想。
本文由导论、正文和结论三部分组成。主要内容如下：
导论部分主要就以往对马尔库赛人本人思想的研究进行简要的概括和总结，指出分析马尔库赛人本思想的重要意义。
正文由三部分组成：
第一部分以社会为主体分析马尔库赛人本思想在社会中的主要体现。本文先以社会为主体是因为人存在于社会之后，先分析社会便于我们之后分析人本身。本文分别从经济和文化两个角度阐述什么是单向度社会，单向度社会的表现形式，以及造成单向度社会的原因，进而分析马尔库赛的人本思想，也就是马尔库赛对发达工业社会病态表现和异化的批判。
第二部分以人为主体分析马尔库赛人本思想在人类中的主要体现。本文首先阐述了单向度的人的虚假需求以及单向度的生活方式。接着阐述了人的思维方式变成了单向度的思维方式，就是失去批判性和否定性，这也正是马尔库赛人本思想中对技术统治造成人的新异化的批判。马尔库塞的人本思想主要体现在他对发达工业社会的病态表现及由于技术统治造成的人的新异化的批判当中。
第三部分主要讨论马尔库赛人本思想的核心和归宿，就是实现社会从单向度到双向度的改变以及人从单向度到双向度的改变。双向度的人也就是全面发展的人，这也正是处于发达工业社会的我们需要做到的改变。
结论主要对前面对论述进行总结。总的来说马尔库塞的人本思想是渴望社会更加关注人的发展，马尔库塞的《单向度的人》一书中指出了社会在发展中存在的不合理性，也指出了了发达工业社会忽视人的发展和需求，使人丧失了否定性和批判性的事实。对马尔库塞人本思想进行研究可以对当代中国工业化社会的发展提供经验，也给予了整个人类一个警示。从而得出这样的结论：科技是一把双刃剑，发达工业社会有利有弊，我们要正确看待科学技术，正确利用科学技术。在注重经济和科技不断进步发展的今天，我们更应该关注人的全面发展，关注人的精神需求，只有这样我们的社会才能更好的成为富强民主文明和谐的社会。
关键词：单向度的人；单向度的社会；人本思想
Abstract
With the development of society and the widespread application of new energy and new production methods, the industry of capitalist society has developed by leaps and bounds, and all aspects of social life have made progress. People ’s material life has been unprecedentedly satisfied, but new problems have emerged in society. Marcuse pointed out these new problems in his book One Dimensional Man. Marcuse believes that the current society is different from the previous society. In this environment, people feel that they have given up their own criticism and negativity. Marcuse hoped that society and people could get rid of this dilemma. He combined the early Marxist ideas with Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, and used this as the theoretical basis to form his own humanistic thinking.
This article mainly starts with the two main bodies of society and people, and makes an overall analysis and interpretation of Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man.
This article is composed of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion. The main contents are as follows:
The introduction mainly summarizes and summarizes the previous research on Marcuse’s personal thoughts, and points out the importance of analyzing Marcuse’s human thoughts.
The body consists of three parts:
The first part analyzes the main manifestation of Marcuse’s humanistic thought in society with society as the main body. This paper takes the society as the main body first because people exist after the society, and it is convenient for us to analyze the society first and then analyze the people themselves.This article explains from the economic and cultural perspective what a unidirectional society is, the manifestation of a unidirectional society, and the causes of a unidirectional society, and then analyzes Marcuse’s humanistic thought, which is the criticism of morbid performance and alienation in developed industrial societies.
The second part analyzes the main manifestation of Marcuse’s human thought in human beings. The article first elaborated the one-sided person’s false demand as well as the one dimensional lifestyle. And then it goes on to say that people’s way of thinking has become a one dimensional way of thinking, that is, they lose their criticality and negativity, which is also the criticism of the new alienation caused by technological rule in Marcuse’s humanistic thought.
The third part mainly discusses the core and destination of Marcuse’s humanistic thought, which is to realize the change of society from one dimensional society to two dimensional society and the change of people from one dimensional man to two dimensional man. A person with a two dimensional man street is a well-rounded man. This is exactly what we need to do in a developed industrial society.
The conclusion mainly summarizes the previous discussion. In general, Marcuse’s humanistic thought is eager for society to pay more attention to human development. Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man pointed out the irrationality of society in development and also pointed out developed industrial societies ignore people’s development and needs, and make people lose their negative and critical facts. Study Marcese’s humanistic thought can provide experience for the development of contemporary Chinese industrialized society, and also give a warning to the entire human race. This leads to the conclusion that science and technology are a double-edged sword, and there are pros and cons in developed industrial societies. We must treat science and technology correctly and use science and technology correctly. In today’s focus on the continuous development of economy and science and technology, we should pay more attention to the overall development of people and the spiritual needs of people. Only in this way can we become a rich, powerful, democratic, harmony and civilized society.
Key words: one dimensional man; one dimensional society; humanistic thought
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