生态女性主义视角下的《使女的故事》主题分析

玛格丽特·阿特伍德(1939-)是当代享有国际盛誉的加拿大女性作家。她的代表作《使女的故事》于1985年出版。该小说一经问世，在全球范围内引发围绕这部小说故事情节、主题思想等一系列热议，同时也为她赢得了加拿大总督文学奖等多项奖项。《使女的故事》通过一名基列国使女的自述描绘了一个耸人听闻的未来世界：面对人类生存危机，基列国统治者笃信按照《圣经》字面意义上所描述的生活方式，亦步亦趋就能解决一切问题。由此基列国的人在极权统治下生活在非黑即白、非此即彼的二元论社会。
阿特伍德作为一名女性作家，投身于涉及当代社会敏感话题的创作中。《使女的故事》体现出她对生态环境和女性生存问题的关注，表达了她对男女平等、生态文明的美好愿景。这种新型关系也是生态女性主义所倡导的和谐社会生态关系。本论文以生态女性主义为理论依据解读《使女的故事》，深层次挖掘《使女的故事》的主题，展现作者对社会生态问题现象的思考和其背后的思想根源的批判。
论文共分为导论，正文，结论三部分。其中，导论部分通过简介阿特伍德的生态关怀与女性关怀思想与小说《使女的故事》的主要内容与题材特点，阐述从生态女性主义理论视角研究《使女的故事》主题的可行性；论述本论文的选题目的与现实意义；简要梳理《使女的故事》的国内外研究现状。
正文的第一章为理论概述,介绍生态女性主义的基本思想及其衍生出的重要分支哲学生态女性主义的理论观点，为下文生态女性主义视角下《使女的故事》的主题分析提供理论支持。
正文的第二章分析《使女的故事》中自然与女性的共同困境，解析自然和女性在父权制社会中受到的压迫与各自做出的不同形式的反抗。本章意在讨论作者关于生态女性问题的批判。
正文第三章以生态女性主义所认为的人类支配自然与男性统治女性具有同一性这一观点作为理论基础，通过归纳文章中女性与自然受到的压迫与其做出的反抗的外在表现的同一性，分析父权统治概念框架的思想特点。父权统治对女性与自然的压迫造成了女性与自然的双重困境，而父权统治的意识根源正是二元对立思维模式。本章结合作者抨击二元对立思维模式的思想在这部小说中的体现，评析二元制对立思想的逻辑性错误与根本弊端，意在讨论作者关于生态女性问题本质的思考与批判。
正文第四章从生态女性主义视角出发，论述作者在小说《使女的故事》中倡导的重建新型和谐社会生态关系主题思想包括实现两性和谐、男女平等、人与自然和谐共生,这一切的关键在于人类自身的反省，应摒弃二元对立的思想，采取理性包容的态度，从根源出发扭转现实中失衡的生态与社会发展趋势。
论文的最后是结论。总结梳理本论文的研究结论与研究局限，指出：人们需要反思社会生态发展问题，重新审视男性与女性、自身与自然关系这一重大议题，共建多元化、包容性、可持续发展的文明和谐生态社会。

关键词：生态女性主义；二元对立思想；主题；自然；女性

 
Abstract

Margaret Atwood (1939-) is a contemporary Canadian female writer. As an eminent figure in Canadian literature circle, she archives international fame. In 1985, she published the novel The Handmaid’s Tale which won many awards for her such as the Canadian Governor’s Literature Award. Once available, this novel sparked a series of heated discussion around its plots and theme. Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale depicts a creepy, chilling future world through a tape account of a handmaid in Gilead. The dictator of the Gilead believed that the lifestyle literally described in the Bible would rescue them from the existential crisis. In this way, the Gilead people lived under totalitarian rule in the black-or -white world of dualism.
Atwood, as a female writer, devotes herself to the literature creation concerning the sensitive issues in the society. The concerns of this kind get ingeniously integrated in the novel, The Handmaid’s Tale. This novel profoundly conveys the writer’s thoughts of ecological justice and gender harmony, which is also promoted by Eco-feminism. This paper adopting the ecological feminism theory, is intended to penetrates the theme of The Handmaid’s Tale, thus elaborates the author’s critique of the phenomenon of social ecology problems and the thought roots behind it.
The paper is divided into three parts: introduction, body and conclusion. The introduction includes Margret Atwood’s ecological care and feminine concern, and her novel The Handmaid’s Tale outline and the characteristics of its special subject matter in an attempt to clarify the feasibility of this paper’s interpretation of the theme of The Handmaid’s Tale from ecological feminism. This chapter elaborates the purpose and the significance of the topic in the thesis. This chapter introduces the reviews on the research status of The Handmaid’s Tale at home and abroad.
The first chapter of the body gives a brief introduction to the basic ideas of Eco-feminism, then presents the ideas of an important branch of Eco-feminism, Philosophical Eco-feminism, serving as the theoretical support for the following text analysis on the theme of The Handmaid’s Tale.
The second chapter of the body interprets the predicament of nature and women in The Handmaid’s Tale by analyzing the oppression of nature and women in the patriarchal society and their resistance in different forms. This chapter is intended to discuss the author’s criticism of the phenomenon of Eco-feminine issues.
The third chapter of the body, taking the theoretical view that there are commonness in men dominating women and nature, analyzes the ideological characteristics of patriarchal conceptual framework by summing the identity of the external manifestations of the oppression and resistance of women and nature. Patriarchal rule dominating the oppression of women and nature causes their predicament, the root consciousness of patriarchal rule is the dualistic opposition. Combining the author’s thoughts embodied in this novel, this chapter illustrates the logic error and drawback of dualistic opposition. This chapter is intended to discuss the author’s thinking and criticism on the nature of the Eco-feminine issue.
From the perspective of ecological feminism, the fourth chapter of the body discusses the theme on rebuilding the new type of harmonious ecological and social relation including the realization of gender harmony, equality between men and women, and harmony between human and nature advocated by the author in the novel The Handmaid’s Tale. The key to that is human’s introspection, human should abandon the idea of dualistic opposition, adopt a rational and inclusive attitude, and reverse the unbalanced ecological and social development trends in reality from the roots.
The paper concludes with the summary of the research and limitations of this paper, points out: people should re-examine the relationship between men and women, human and nature, and strive to jointly construct of a diversified, sustainable and harmonious ecological society.

Key words: ecological feminism; dualistic opposition; theme; nature; female

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