英汉句子结构的对比研究

本文运用对比研究的方法对英汉两种语言句子进行了对比，认为英语句子与汉语句子结构是不一样的。首先在英汉语中对“句子”的定义就完全不一样，汉语中一个句子的完整取决于一个想法叙述的完毕，而在英语中，一个句子之所以成为句子，那是因为句子里含有主语、谓语和宾语。由此可见，汉语更注重句子意思的完整，而英语句子更加注重结构的完整和语法。所以学界认为英语句子结构的特点是树形结构，句子的其他部分从其主干部分向外扩散，结构紧密、严谨而且封闭。而汉语句子结构的特点是竹形结构，呈流线型往外扩散，结构松散、扩散而且开放。同时英汉句子的语序也是不一样的，英语句子总是把重要的部分置前而且它的末尾总是可以无限扩充；汉语句子跟英语句子是不同的，重要的部分重视置后，而且，句子的头可以无限扩充。同样，英汉句子结构也有相同的地方，在一些简单句的结构中，英汉语序是相同的，而且在英汉结构中都比较普遍的存在着主题结构。

关键词：句子结构；英语；汉语；句法结构
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Sentence Structure

After contrastively studying English and Chinese sentence in this thesis, we conclude that the English and Chinese sentences are totally different. The “sentence” was defined different in English and Chinese. The sentence is considered complete when the thought is finished while English sentence is complete only if there are subject, verb and object in it. So the emphasis of Chinese is mainly on the meaning while the one of English on the grammar and the structure. Therefore it is said that the English sentence structure is tree-like. It has many smaller parts of the sentence expanding outward from the main clause; it is strict, compact and closed. By contrast, the Chinese sentence structure is bamboo-like. It is built through linear spread of phonetic-semantic chunks; it is loose, diffusive and open in structure. Also the word orders are different in English and Chinese. The English always put the important parts at the beginning while the Chinese always put the unimportant ones at the beginning. In English we can always put something at the end of the sentence but in Chinese, things are quite the opposite. We can put something at the beginning of the sentence. As well there are similarities between English and Chinese sentence structure. In some simple sentence, the word order of English is the same as the order of Chinese. Also, the tropic structure is very common in both English and Chinese.

Key Words: Sentence Structure; English; Chinese; Syntactic Structure

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